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An intrinsic property of a mathematical object which causes it to remain invariant under certain classes of transformations (such as rotation, reflection, inversion, or more ...

A region in a knot or link projection plane surrounded by a circle such that the knot or link crosses the circle exactly four times. Two tangles are equivalent if a sequence ...

A vertex cut, also called a vertex cut set or separating set (West 2000, p. 148), of a connected graph G is a subset of the vertex set S subset= V(G) such that G-S has more ...

A sequence {x_1,x_2,...} is equidistributed iff lim_(N->infty)1/Nsum_(n<N)e^(2piimx_n)=0 for each m=1, 2, .... A consequence of this result is that the sequence {frac(nx)} is ...

Given a Hilbert space H, a *-subalgebra A of B(H) is said to be a von Neumann algebra in H provided that A is equal to its bicommutant A^('') (Dixmier 1981). Here, B(H) ...

The von Staudt-Clausen theorem, sometimes also known as the Staudt-Clausen theorem (Carlitz 1968), states that B_(2n)=A_n-sum_(p_k; (p_k-1)|2n)1/(p_k), (1) where B_(2n) is a ...

Fisher's exact test is a statistical test used to determine if there are nonrandom associations between two categorical variables. Let there exist two such variables X and Y, ...

A p-variate multivariate normal distribution (also called a multinormal distribution) is a generalization of the bivariate normal distribution. The p-multivariate ...

The negative binomial distribution, also known as the Pascal distribution or Pólya distribution, gives the probability of r-1 successes and x failures in x+r-1 trials, and ...

An Abelian integral, are also called a hyperelliptic integral, is an integral of the form int_0^x(dt)/(sqrt(R(t))), where R(t) is a polynomial of degree >4.