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A pseudograph is a non-simple graph in which both graph loops and multiple edges are permitted (Zwillinger 2003, p. 220).

A pseudotree is a connected pseudoforest, i.e., an undirected connected graph that contains at most one graph cycle. Connected acyclic graphs (i.e., trees), are therefore ...

A typical vector (i.e., a vector such as the radius vector r) is transformed to its negative under inversion of its coordinate axes. Such "proper" vectors are known as polar ...

For a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of the products of the two pairs of opposite sides equals the product of the diagonals AB×CD+BC×DA=AC×BD (1) (Kimberling 1998, p. 223). ...

A type of cryptography in which the encoding key is revealed without compromising the encoded message. The two best-known methods are the knapsack problem and RSA encryption.

A mathematical problem, usually not requiring advanced mathematics, to which a solution is desired. Puzzles frequently require the rearrangement of existing pieces (e.g., 15 ...

A figurate number corresponding to a configuration of points which form a pyramid with r-sided regular polygon bases can be thought of as a generalized pyramidal number, and ...

The Pythagoras tree is a fractal constructed iteratively from a right triangle with squares erected on each of the sides. Subsequent iterations add additional similar right ...

Pythagoras's theorem states that the diagonal d of a square with sides of integral length s cannot be rational. Assume d/s is rational and equal to p/q where p and q are ...

The Pythagorean means are the three "classic" means A (the arithmetic mean), G (the geometric mean), and H (the harmonic mean) are sometimes known as the Pythagorean means. ...