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The tangram is a combination of plane polygonal pieces such that the edges of the polygons are coincident. There are 13 convex tangrams (where a "convex tangram" is a set of ...

The composite number problem asks if for a given positive integer N there exist positive integers m and n such that N=mn. The complexity of the composite number problem was ...

Lucas's theorem states that if n>=3 be a squarefree integer and Phi_n(z) a cyclotomic polynomial, then Phi_n(z)=U_n^2(z)-(-1)^((n-1)/2)nzV_n^2(z), (1) where U_n(z) and V_n(z) ...

The twin composites may be defined by analogy with the twin primes as pairs of composite numbers (n,n+2). Since all even number are trivially twin composites, it is natural ...

If p divides the numerator of the Bernoulli number B_(2k) for 0<2k<p-1, then (p,2k) is called an irregular pair. For p<30000, the irregular pairs of various forms are p=16843 ...

In order to find integers x and y such that x^2=y^2 (mod n) (1) (a modified form of Fermat's factorization method), in which case there is a 50% chance that GCD(n,x-y) is a ...

Given a number n, Fermat's factorization methods look for integers x and y such that n=x^2-y^2. Then n=(x-y)(x+y) (1) and n is factored. A modified form of this observation ...

The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every positive integer (except the number 1) can be represented in exactly one way apart from rearrangement as a product of ...

Elliptic curve primality proving, abbreviated ECPP, is class of algorithms that provide certificates of primality using sophisticated results from the theory of elliptic ...

A conjecture concerning primes.