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The name for the set of integers modulo m, denoted Z/mZ. If m is a prime p, then the modulus is a finite field F_p=Z/pZ.

A star polygon-like figure {p/q} for which p and q are not relatively prime. Examples include the hexagram {6/2}, star of Lakshmi {8/2}, and nonagram {9/3}.

If p^k is the highest power of a prime p dividing the order of a finite group G, then a subgroup of G of order p^k is called a Sylow p-subgroup of G.

Diagonalize a form over the rationals to diag[p^a·A,p^b·B,...], where all the entries are integers and A, B, ... are relatively prime to p. Then Sylvester's signature is the ...

The function defined by U(p)=(p#)^(p#), where p is a prime number and p# is a primorial. The values for p=2, 3, ..., are 4, 46656, ...

Landau's problems are the four "unattackable" problems mentioned by Landau in the 1912 Fifth Congress of Mathematicians in Cambridge, namely: 1. The Goldbach conjecture, 2. ...

A Cullen number is a number of the form C_n=2^nn+1. The first few are 3, 9, 25, 65, 161, 385, ... (OEIS A002064). Cullen numbers are divisible by p=2n-1 if p is a prime of ...

The prime number theorem shows that the nth prime number p_n has the asymptotic value p_n∼nlnn (1) as n->infty (Havil 2003, p. 182). Rosser's theorem makes this a rigorous ...

A composite knot is a knot that is not a prime knot. Schubert (1949) showed that every knot can be uniquely decomposed (up to the order in which the decomposition is ...

The Wolstenholme numbers are defined as the numerators of the generalized harmonic number H_(n,2) appearing in Wolstenholme's theorem. The first few are 1, 5, 49, 205, 5269, ...