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The factorial n! is defined for a positive integer n as n!=n(n-1)...2·1. (1) So, for example, 4!=4·3·2·1=24. An older notation for the factorial was written (Mellin 1909; ...

A path in a graph G is a subgraph of G that is a path graph (West 2000, p. 20). The length of a path is the number of edges it contains. In most contexts, a path must contain ...

The base-3 method of counting in which only the digits 0, 1, and 2 are used. Ternary numbers arise in a number of problems in mathematics, including some problems of ...

A trinomial coefficient is a coefficient of the trinomial triangle. Following the notation of Andrews (1990), the trinomial coefficient (n; k)_2, with n>=0 and -n<=k<=n, is ...

The Lucas numbers are the sequence of integers {L_n}_(n=1)^infty defined by the linear recurrence equation L_n=L_(n-1)+L_(n-2) (1) with L_1=1 and L_2=3. The nth Lucas number ...

Zero is the integer denoted 0 that, when used as a counting number, means that no objects are present. It is the only integer (and, in fact, the only real number) that is ...

Fermat's last theorem is a theorem first proposed by Fermat in the form of a note scribbled in the margin of his copy of the ancient Greek text Arithmetica by Diophantus. The ...

The Bombieri p-norm of a polynomial Q(x)=sum_(i=0)^na_ix^i (1) is defined by [Q]_p=[sum_(i=0)^n(n; i)^(1-p)|a_i|^p]^(1/p), (2) where (n; i) is a binomial coefficient. The ...

Let M(h) be the moment-generating function, then the cumulant generating function is given by K(h) = lnM(h) (1) = kappa_1h+1/(2!)h^2kappa_2+1/(3!)h^3kappa_3+..., (2) where ...

The expectation value of a function f(x) in a variable x is denoted <f(x)> or E{f(x)}. For a single discrete variable, it is defined by <f(x)>=sum_(x)f(x)P(x), (1) where P(x) ...