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The first Fermat point X (or F_1) (sometimes simply called "the Fermat point," Torricelli point, or first isogonic center) is the point X which minimizes the sum of distances ...

The forward difference is a finite difference defined by Deltaa_n=a_(n+1)-a_n. (1) Higher order differences are obtained by repeated operations of the forward difference ...

Count the number of lattice points N(r) inside the boundary of a circle of radius r with center at the origin. The exact solution is given by the sum N(r) = ...

A generalization of the equation whose solution is desired in Fermat's last theorem x^n+y^n=z^n to x^n+y^n=cz^n for x, y, z, and c positive constants, with trivial solutions ...

The granny knot is a composite knot of six crossings consisting of a knot sum of two left-handed trefoils with the same orientation (Rolfsen 1976, p. 220). The granny knot ...

The coarseness xi(G) of a graph G is the maximum number of edge-disjoint nonplanar subgraphs contained in a given graph G. The coarseness of a planar graph G is therefore ...

A heterosquare is an n×n array of the integers from 1 to n^2 such that the rows, columns, and diagonals have different sums. (By contrast, in a magic square, they have the ...

When two cycles have a transversal intersection X_1 intersection X_2=Y on a smooth manifold M, then Y is a cycle. Moreover, the homology class that Y represents depends only ...

Jordan's lemma shows the value of the integral I=int_(-infty)^inftyf(x)e^(iax)dx (1) along the infinite upper semicircle and with a>0 is 0 for "nice" functions which satisfy ...

Consider an n-digit number k. Square it and add the right n digits to the left n or n-1 digits. If the resultant sum is k, then k is called a Kaprekar number. For example, 9 ...