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For a given bounded function f(x) over a partition of a given interval, the upper sum is the sum of box areas M^*Deltax_k using the supremum M of the function f(x) in each ...

A vector sum is the result of adding two or more vectors together via vector addition. It is denoted using the normal plus sign, i.e., the vector sum of vectors A, B, and C ...

For a power function f(x)=x^k with k>=0 on the interval [0,2L] and periodic with period 2L, the coefficients of the Fourier series are given by a_0 = (2^(k+1)L^k)/(k+1) (1) ...

S_n=sum_(i)eta_imu(E_i), where mu(E_i) is the measure of the set E_i of points on the x-axis for which f(x) approx eta_i.

A cumulative sum is a sequence of partial sums of a given sequence. For example, the cumulative sums of the sequence {a,b,c,...}, are a, a+b, a+b+c, .... Cumulative sums are ...

The direct sum of modules A and B is the module A direct sum B={a direct sum b|a in A,b in B}, (1) where all algebraic operations are defined componentwise. In particular, ...

The number of ways in which a group of n with weights sum_(i=1)^(n)w_i=1 can change a losing coalition (one with sumw_i<1/2) to a winning one, or vice versa. It was proposed ...

The sum rule for differentiation states d/(dx)[f(x)+g(x)]=f^'(x)+g^'(x), (1) where d/dx denotes a derivative and f^'(x) and g^'(x) are the derivatives of f(x) and g(x), ...

The connected sum M_1#M_2 of n-manifolds M_1 and M_2 is formed by deleting the interiors of n-balls B_i^n in M_i^n and attaching the resulting punctured manifolds M_i-B^._i ...

Given relatively prime integers p and q (i.e., (p,q)=1), the Dedekind sum is defined by s(p,q)=sum_(i=1)^q((i/q))(((pi)/q)), (1) where ((x))={x-|_x_|-1/2 x not in Z; 0 x in ...