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A reciprocity theorem for the case n=3 solved by Gauss using "integers" of the form a+brho, when rho is a root of x^2+x+1=0 (i.e., rho equals -(-1)^(1/3) or (-1)^(2/3)) and ...

The evolute of the cycloid x(t) = a(t-sint) (1) y(t) = a(1-cost) (2) is given by x(t) = a(t+sint) (3) y(t) = a(cost-1). (4) As can be seen in the above figure, the evolute is ...

A database can be roughly defined as a structure consisting of 1. A collection of information (the data), 2. A collection of queries that can be submitted, and 3. A ...

Given a square matrix M, the following are equivalent: 1. |M|!=0. 2. The columns of M are linearly independent. 3. The rows of M are linearly independent. 4. Range(M) = R^n. ...

The metric g defined on a nonempty set X by g(x,x) = 0 (1) g(x,y) = 1 (2) if x!=y for all x,y in X. It follows that the open ball of radius r>0 and center at x_0 B(x_0,r)={x ...

Down arrow notation is an inverse of the Knuth up-arrow notation defined by evn = lnn (1) evvn = ln^*n (2) evvvn = ln^(**)n, (3) where ln^*n is the number of times the ...

Dyads extend vectors to provide an alternative description to second tensor rank tensors. A dyad D(A,B) of a pair of vectors A and B is defined by D(A,B)=AB. The dot product ...

The Elsasser function is defined by the integral E(y,u)=int_(-1/2)^(1/2)exp[-(2piyusinh(2piy))/(cosh(2piy)-cos(2pix))]dx. (1) Special values include E(0,u) = 1 (2) E(y,0) = ...

The bias of an estimator theta^~ is defined as B(theta^~)=<theta^~>-theta. (1) It is therefore true that theta^~-theta = (theta^~-<theta^~>)+(<theta^~>-theta) (2) = ...

The Gaussian joint variable theorem, also called the multivariate theorem, states that given an even number of variates from a normal distribution with means all 0, (1) etc. ...