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An outer-totalistic cellular automaton is a generalization of the totalistic cellular automaton. Totalistic rules are a proper superset of outer-totalistic rules. In ...

The Koch snowflake is a fractal curve, also known as the Koch island, which was first described by Helge von Koch in 1904. It is built by starting with an equilateral ...

The four following types of groups, 1. linear groups, 2. orthogonal groups, 3. symplectic groups, and 4. unitary groups, which were studied before more exotic types of groups ...

The plane spanned by two coordinate axes in the three-dimensional Euclidean space. The coordinate plane spanned by the x- and the y-axis is called xy-plane.

At rational arguments p/q, the digamma function psi_0(p/q) is given by psi_0(p/q)=-gamma-ln(2q)-1/2picot(p/qpi) +2sum_(k=1)^([q/2]-1)cos((2pipk)/q)ln[sin((pik)/q)] (1) for ...

(1) for p in [-1/2,1/2], where delta is the central difference and S_(2n+1) = 1/2(p+n; 2n+1) (2) S_(2n+2) = p/(2n+2)(p+n; 2n+1), (3) with (n; k) a binomial coefficient.

An amazing pandigital approximation to e that is correct to 18457734525360901453873570 decimal digits is given by (1+9^(-4^(7·6)))^(3^(2^(85))), (1) found by R. Sabey in 2004 ...

The gear graph, also sometimes known as a bipartite wheel graph (Brandstädt et al. 1987), is a wheel graph with a graph vertex added between each pair of adjacent graph ...

The Moser spindle is the 7-node unit-distance graph illustrated above (Read and Wilson 1998, p. 187). It is sometimes called the Hajós graph (e.g., Bondy and Murty 2008. p. ...

A Latin square is said to be odd if it contains an odd number of rows and columns that are odd permutations. Otherwise, it is said to be even. Let the number of even Latin ...