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The golden ratio phi can be written in terms of a nested radical in the beautiful form phi=sqrt(1+sqrt(1+sqrt(1+sqrt(1+...)))), (1) which can be written recursively as ...

A figurate number corresponding to a pentagonal pyramid. The first few are 1, 6, 18, 40, 75, ... (OEIS A002411). The generating function for the pentagonal pyramidal numbers ...

A number which is simultaneously a pentagonal number P_n and a square number S_m. Such numbers exist when 1/2n(3n-1)=m^2. (1) Completing the square gives ...

A number which is simultaneously a pentagonal number P_n and triangular number T_m. Such numbers exist when 1/2n(3n-1)=1/2m(m+1). (1) Completing the square gives ...

A plaindrome is a number whose hexadecimal digits are in nondecreasing order. The first few are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, ...

A planted tree is a rooted tree whose root vertex has vertex degree 1. The number of planted trees of n nodes is T_(n-1), where T_(n-1) is the number of rooted trees of n-1 ...

The length of the polygonal spiral is found by noting that the ratio of inradius to circumradius of a regular polygon of n sides is r/R=(cot(pi/n))/(csc(pi/n))=cos(pi/n). (1) ...

A number n is practical if for all k<=n, k is the sum of distinct proper divisors of n. Defined in 1948 by A. K. Srinivasen. All even perfect numbers are practical. The ...

Given an integer sequence {a_n}_(n=1)^infty, a prime number p is said to be a primitive prime factor of the term a_n if p divides a_n but does not divide any a_m for m<n. It ...

A Proth number is a number of the form N=k·2^n+1 for odd k, n a positive integer, and 2^n>k. The 2^n>k condition is needed since otherwise, every odd number >1 would be a ...