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Schroeder (1991) calls the ceiling function symbols [ and ] the "gallows" because of their similarity in appearance to the structure used for hangings.

Let D=D(z_0,R) be an open disk, and let u be a harmonic function on D such that u(z)>=0 for all z in D. Then for all z in D, we have 0<=u(z)<=(R/(R-|z-z_0|))^2u(z_0).

For a real number x, the mantissa is defined as the positive fractional part x-|_x_|=frac(x), where |_x_| denotes the floor function. For example, for x=3.14159, the mantissa ...

A maximum likelihood estimator is a value of the parameter a such that the likelihood function is a maximum (Harris and Stocket 1998, p. 824).

The approximating polynomial which has the smallest maximum deviation from the true function. It is closely approximated by the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind.

The Poisson integral with n=0, J_0(z)=1/piint_0^picos(zcostheta)dtheta, where J_0(z) is a Bessel function of the first kind.

An aliquot sequence computed using the analog of the restricted divisor function s^*(n) in which only unitary divisors are included.

The function defined by [n]_q = [n; 1]_q (1) = (1-q^n)/(1-q) (2) for integer n, where [n; k]_q is a q-binomial coefficient. The q-bracket satisfies lim_(q->1^-)[n]_q=n. (3)

A Julia set fractal obtained by iterating the function z_(n+1)=c(z_n-sgn(R[z_n])), where sgn(x) is the sign function and R[z] is the real part of z. The plot above sets ...

Let A and B be two algebras over the same signature Sigma, with carriers A and B, respectively (cf. universal algebra). B is a subalgebra of A if B subset= A and every ...