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The outer Soddy circle is the solution to the four coins problem. It has circle function l=((-a+b+c)^2[f(a,b,c)+16g(a,b,c)rs])/(4bc[(a^2+b^2+c^2)-2(ab+bc+ca)+8rs]^4), (1) ...

Consider the problem of comparing two real numbers x and y based on their continued fraction representations. Then the mean number of iterations needed to determine if x<y or ...

A term in social choice theory meaning invariance of a result under permutation of voters.

A term in social choice theory meaning a change favorable for X does not hurt X.

A method of stochastic optimization including techniques such as gradient search or Robbins-Monro stochastic approximation.

The (weak) Bruhat graph B_n of order n is the simple graph having have all permutations of {1,2,...,n} as vertices, and with an edge between pairs of permutations that differ ...

There are several theorems known as the "sandwich theorem." In calculus, the squeeze theorem is also sometimes known as the sandwich theorem. In graph theory, the sandwich ...

Ellipsoidal calculus is a method for solving problems in control and estimation theory having unknown but bounded errors in terms of sets of approximating ellipsoidal-value ...

A branch of mathematics that is a sort of generalization of calculus. Calculus of variations seeks to find the path, curve, surface, etc., for which a given function has a ...

A differential evolution method used to minimize functions of real variables. Evolution strategies are significantly faster at numerical optimization than traditional genetic ...