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A pair of vertices (x,y) of a graph G is called an omega-critical pair if omega(G+xy)>omega(G), where G+xy denotes the graph obtained by adding the edge xy to G and omega(H) ...

If a continuous function defined on an interval is sometimes positive and sometimes negative, it must be 0 at some point. Bolzano (1817) proved the theorem (which effectively ...

Let P(E_i) be the probability that E_i is true, and P( union _(i=1)^nE_i) be the probability that at least one of E_1, E_2, ..., E_n is true. Then "the" Bonferroni ...

A magic square that remains magic when its border is removed. A nested magic square remains magic after the border is successively removed one ring at a time. An example of a ...

The term Borel hierarchy is used to describe a collection of subsets of R defined inductively as follows: Level one consists of all open and closed subsets of R, and upon ...

A roll of two 6s (the highest roll possible) on a pair of 6-sided dice. The probability of rolling boxcars in a single roll of two dice is 1/36, or 2.777...%. In order to ...

A bra <psi| is a vector living in a dual vector space to that containing kets |psi>. Bras and kets are commonly encountered in quantum mechanics. Bras and kets can be ...

One of the symbols { and } used in many different contexts in mathematics. Braces are used 1. To denote grouping of mathematical terms, usually as the outermost delimiter in ...

One of the polynomials obtained by taking powers of the Brahmagupta matrix. They satisfy the recurrence relation x_(n+1) = xx_n+tyy_n (1) y_(n+1) = xy_n+yx_n. (2) A list of ...

For a general quadrilateral with sides of length a, b, c, and d, the area K is given by (1) where s=1/2(a+b+c+d) (2) is the semiperimeter, A is the angle between a and d, and ...