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Gram's law (Hutchinson 1925; Edwards 2001, pp. 125, 127, and 171) is the tendency for zeros of the Riemann-Siegel function Z(t) to alternate with Gram points. Stated more ...

The Laplace distribution, also called the double exponential distribution, is the distribution of differences between two independent variates with identical exponential ...

The term "left factorial" is sometimes used to refer to the subfactorial !n, the first few values for n=1, 2, ... are 1, 3, 9, 33, 153, 873, 5913, ... (OEIS A007489). ...

A number n is said to be refactorable, sometimes also called a tau number (Kennedy and Cooper 1990), if it is divisible by the number of its divisors sigma_0(n), where ...

The Riemann-Siegel integral formula is the following representation of the xi-function xi(s) found in Riemann's Nachlass by Bessel-Hagen in 1926 (Siegel 1932; Edwards 2001, ...

Perfect numbers are positive integers n such that n=s(n), (1) where s(n) is the restricted divisor function (i.e., the sum of proper divisors of n), or equivalently ...

The second Mersenne prime M_3=2^3-1, which is itself the exponent of Mersenne prime M_7=2^7-1=127. It gives rise to the perfect number P_7=M_7·2^6=8128. It is a Gaussian ...

Let x^__1 and s_1^2 be the observed mean and variance of a sample of N_1 drawn from a normal universe with unknown mean mu_((1)) and let x^__2 and s_2^2 be the observed mean ...

A clique of a graph G is a complete subgraph of G, and the clique of largest possible size is referred to as a maximum clique (which has size known as the (upper) clique ...

Consider a convex plane curve K with perimeter L, and the set of points P exterior to K. Further, let t_1 and t_2 be the perpendicular distances from P to K (with ...