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An extremely fast factorization method developed by Pollard which was used to factor the RSA-130 number. This method is the most powerful known for factoring general numbers, ...

The Pell numbers are the numbers obtained by the U_ns in the Lucas sequence with P=2 and Q=-1. They correspond to the Pell polynomial P_n(x) and Fibonacci polynomial F_n(x) ...

The square orthobicupola is a convex equilateral solid that is Johnson solid J_(28). The unit square orthobicupola has volume V=2+4/3sqrt(2) (1) and Dehn invariant D = ...

The imaginary part I[z] of a complex number z=x+iy is the real number multiplying i, so I[x+iy]=y. In terms of z itself, I[z]=(z-z^_)/(2i), where z^_ is the complex conjugate ...

An antimagic square is an n×n array of integers from 1 to n^2 such that each row, column, and main diagonal produces a different sum such that these sums form a sequence of ...

A special case of the quadratic Diophantine equation having the form x^2-Dy^2=1, (1) where D>0 is a nonsquare natural number (Dickson 2005). The equation x^2-Dy^2=+/-4 (2) ...

The biggest little polygon with n sides is the convex plane n-gon of unit polygon diameter having largest possible area. Reinhardt (1922) showed that for n odd, the regular ...

The Bernoulli numbers B_n are a sequence of signed rational numbers that can be defined by the exponential generating function x/(e^x-1)=sum_(n=0)^infty(B_nx^n)/(n!). (1) ...

Johnson solid J_4. The bottom eight polyhedron vertices are (+/-1/2(1+sqrt(2)),+/-1/2,0),(+/-1/2,+/-1/2(1+sqrt(2)),0), and the top four polyhedron vertices are ...

The areas of the regions illustrated above can be found from the equations A+4B+4C=1 (1) A+3B+2C=1/4pi. (2) Since we want to solve for three variables, we need a third ...