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A polynomial Z_G(q,v) in two variables for abstract graphs. A graph with one graph vertex has Z=q. Adding a graph vertex not attached by any graph edges multiplies the Z by ...

An algorithm which allows digits of a given number to be calculated without requiring the computation of earlier digits. The BBP formula for pi is the best-known such ...

The kissing number of a sphere is 12. This led Fejes Tóth (1943) to conjecture that in any unit sphere packing, the volume of any Voronoi cell around any sphere is at least ...

Erdős and Heilbronn (Erdős and Graham 1980) posed the problem of estimating from below the number of sums a+b where a in A and b in B range over given sets A,B subset= Z/pZ ...

By choosing appropriate rules, it is possible to achieve many forms of synchronization within cellular automata. One version, known as the firing squad synchronization ...

A quantitative measure of the simplicity of a geometric construction which reduces geometric constructions to five steps. It was devised by È. Lemoine. S_1 Place a ...

Various handshaking problems are in circulation, the most common one being the following. In a room of n people, how many different handshakes are possible? The answer is (n; ...

A sequence whose terms are integers. The most complete printed references for such sequences are Sloane (1973) and its update, Sloane and Plouffe (1995). Neil Sloane ...

If an integrable quasiperiodic system is slightly perturbed so that it becomes nonintegrable, only a finite number of n-map cycles remain as a result of mode locking. One ...

The German mathematician Kronecker proved that all the Galois extensions of the rationals Q with Abelian Galois groups are subfields of cyclotomic fields Q(mu_n), where mu_n ...