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Convergents of the pi continued fractions are the simplest approximants to pi. The first few are given by 3, 22/7, 333/106, 355/113, 103993/33102, 104348/33215, ... (OEIS ...

A primitive root of a prime p is an integer g such that g (mod p) has multiplicative order p-1 (Ribenboim 1996, p. 22). More generally, if GCD(g,n)=1 (g and n are relatively ...

Zero is the integer denoted 0 that, when used as a counting number, means that no objects are present. It is the only integer (and, in fact, the only real number) that is ...

N_phi(m) is the number of integers n for which the totient function phi(n)=m, also called the multiplicity of m (Guy 1994). Erdős (1958) proved that if a multiplicity occurs ...

A folding function is a function that maps the integers Z={...,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...} onto the nonnegative integers Z^*={0,1,2,3,...}. This type of function arises naturally ...

The distribution of a variable is a description of the relative numbers of times each possible outcome will occur in a number of trials. The function describing the ...

A variable with a beta binomial distribution is distributed as a binomial distribution with parameter p, where p is distribution with a beta distribution with parameters ...

The Blancmange function, also called the Takagi fractal curve (Peitgen and Saupe 1988), is a pathological continuous function which is nowhere differentiable. Its name ...

A central circle is a circle with trilinear equation (lalpha+mbeta+ngamma)(aalpha+bbeta+cgamma)+k(abetagamma+bgammaalpha+calphabeta)=0 such that l:m:n is a triangle center ...

A set function mu is said to possess finite subadditivity if, given any finite disjoint collection of sets {E_k}_(k=1)^n on which mu is defined, mu( union ...