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The axis in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates which is usually oriented vertically. Cylindrical coordinates are defined such that the z-axis is the axis about which the ...

The z-score associated with the ith observation of a random variable x is given by z_i=(x_i-x^_)/sigma, where x^_ is the mean and sigma the standard deviation of all ...

The ABC (atom-bond connectivity) spectral radius rho_(ABC) of a graph is defined as the largest eigenvalue of its ABC matrix. Chen (2019) showed that for a tree on 3 or more ...

An affine geometry is a geometry in which properties are preserved by parallel projection from one plane to another. In an affine geometry, the third and fourth of Euclid's ...

An antisymmetric (also called alternating) tensor is a tensor which changes sign when two indices are switched. For example, a tensor A^(x_1,...,x_n) such that ...

The bellows conjecture asserts that all flexible polyhedra keep a constant volume as they are flexed (Cromwell 1997). The conjecture was apparently proposed by Dennis ...

In floating-point arithmetic, a biased exponent is the result of adding some constant (called the bias) to the exponent chosen to make the range of the exponent nonnegative. ...

Given a complex Hilbert space H with associated space L(H) of continuous linear operators from H to itself, the bicommutant M^('') of an arbitrary subset M subset= L(H) is ...

The binomial transform takes the sequence a_0, a_1, a_2, ... to the sequence b_0, b_1, b_2, ... via the transformation b_n=sum_(k=0)^n(-1)^(n-k)(n; k)a_k. The inverse ...

If a continuous function defined on an interval is sometimes positive and sometimes negative, it must be 0 at some point. Bolzano (1817) proved the theorem (which effectively ...