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The length of a number n in base b is the number of digits in the base-b numeral for n, given by the formula L(n,b)=|_log_b(n)_|+1, where |_x_| is the floor function. The ...

The ratio of two numbers r and s is written r/s, where r is the numerator and s is the denominator. The ratio of r to s is equivalent to the quotient r/s. Betting odds ...

To color any map on the sphere or the plane requires at most six-colors. This number can easily be reduced to five, and the four-color theorem demonstrates that the necessary ...

For any ordinal number alpha, the successor of alpha is alpha union {alpha} (Ciesielski 1997, p. 46). The successor of an ordinal number alpha is therefore the next ordinal, ...

Let G be a graph and S a subgraph of G. Let the number of odd components in G-S be denoted S^', and |S| the number of graph vertices of S. The condition |S|>=S^' for every ...

Consider the process of taking a number, adding its digits, then adding the digits of the number derived from it, etc., until the remaining number has only one digit. The ...

The clique covering number theta(G) of a graph G is the minimum number of cliques in G needed to cover the vertex set of G. Since theta(G) involves the minimum number of ...

The winding number of a contour gamma about a point z_0, denoted n(gamma,z_0), is defined by n(gamma,z_0)=1/(2pii)∮_gamma(dz)/(z-z_0) and gives the number of times gamma ...

The maximum number of disjoint dominating sets in a domatic partition of a graph G is called its domatic number d(G). The domatic number should not be confused with the ...

The Heesch number of a closed plane figure is the maximum number of times that figure can be completely surrounded by copies of itself. The determination of the maximum ...