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Formulas expressing trigonometric functions of an angle 2x in terms of functions of an angle x, sin(2x) = 2sinxcosx (1) cos(2x) = cos^2x-sin^2x (2) = 2cos^2x-1 (3) = ...

The equations are x = ((lambda-lambda_0)(1+costheta))/(sqrt(2+pi)) (1) y = (2theta)/(sqrt(2+pi)), (2) where theta is the solution to theta+sintheta=(1+1/2pi)sinphi. (3) This ...

The involute of an ellipse specified parametrically by x = acost (1) y = bsint (2) is given by the parametric equations x_i = ...

A generalization of the helicoid to the parametric equations x(u,v) = avcosu (1) y(u,v) = bvsinu (2) z(u,v) = cu. (3) In this parametrization, the surface has first ...

A normal distribution with mean 0, P(x)=h/(sqrt(pi))e^(-h^2x^2). (1) The characteristic function is phi(t)=e^(-t^2/(4h^2)). (2) The mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis ...

A factorization algorithm which works by expressing N as a quadratic form in two different ways. Then N=a^2+b^2=c^2+d^2, (1) so a^2-c^2=d^2-b^2 (2) (a-c)(a+c)=(d-b)(d+b). (3) ...

If f(x) is an even function, then b_n=0 and the Fourier series collapses to f(x)=1/2a_0+sum_(n=1)^inftya_ncos(nx), (1) where a_0 = 1/piint_(-pi)^pif(x)dx (2) = ...

Consider a square wave f(x) of length 2L. Over the range [0,2L], this can be written as f(x)=2[H(x/L)-H(x/L-1)]-1, (1) where H(x) is the Heaviside step function. Since ...

If f(x) is an odd function, then a_n=0 and the Fourier series collapses to f(x)=sum_(n=1)^inftyb_nsin(nx), (1) where b_n = 1/piint_(-pi)^pif(x)sin(nx)dx (2) = ...

A finite, increasing sequence of integers {n_1,...,n_m} such that sum_(i=1)^m1/(n_i)-product_(i=1)^m1/(n_i) in N. A sequence is a Giuga sequence iff it satisfies ...