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A real number that is b-normal for every base 2, 3, 4, ... is said to be absolutely normal. As proved by Borel (1922, p. 198), almost all real numbers in [0,1) are absolutely ...

Abstract algebra is the set of advanced topics of algebra that deal with abstract algebraic structures rather than the usual number systems. The most important of these ...

The abundancy of a number n is defined as the ratio sigma(n)/n, where sigma(n) is the divisor function. For n=1, 2, ..., the first few values are 1, 3/2, 4/3, 7/4, 6/5, 2, ...

The degree to which a given quantity is correct and free from error. For example, a quantity specified as 100+/-1 has an (absolute) accuracy of +/-1 (meaning its true value ...

An addition-multiplication square is a square of integers that is simultaneously a magic square and multiplication magic square. In 1955, Horner found a square of order eight ...

An element of an adèle group, sometimes called a repartition in older literature (e.g., Chevalley 1951, p. 25). Adèles arise in both number fields and function fields. The ...

Aleph-1 is the set theory symbol aleph_1 for the smallest infinite set larger than aleph_0 (Aleph-0), which in turn is equal to the cardinal number of the set of countable ...

A branch point whose neighborhood of values wrap around the range a finite number of times p as their complex arguments theta varies from 0 to a multiple of 2pi is called an ...

The minimal polynomial of an algebraic number zeta is the unique irreducible monic polynomial of smallest degree p(x) with rational coefficients such that p(zeta)=0 and whose ...

If an aliquot sequence {s^0(n),s(n),s^2(n),...} for a given n is bounded, it either ends at s(1)=0 or becomes periodic. If the sequence is periodic (or eventually periodic), ...