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The detour index omega(G) of a graph G is a graph invariant defined as half the sum of all off-diagonal matrix elements of the detour matrix of G. Unless otherwise stated, ...

The Doyle graph, sometimes also known as the Holt graph (Marušič et al. 2005), is the quartic symmetric graph on 27 nodes illustrated above in several embeddings. It is ...

Informally, an elliptic curve is a type of cubic curve whose solutions are confined to a region of space that is topologically equivalent to a torus. The Weierstrass elliptic ...

A doubly periodic function with periods 2omega_1 and 2omega_2 such that f(z+2omega_1)=f(z+2omega_2)=f(z), (1) which is analytic and has no singularities except for poles in ...

The four-color theorem states that any map in a plane can be colored using four-colors in such a way that regions sharing a common boundary (other than a single point) do not ...

The Fourier transform is a generalization of the complex Fourier series in the limit as L->infty. Replace the discrete A_n with the continuous F(k)dk while letting n/L->k. ...

In antiquity, geometric constructions of figures and lengths were restricted to the use of only a straightedge and compass (or in Plato's case, a compass only; a technique ...

In two dimensions, there are two periodic circle packings for identical circles: square lattice and hexagonal lattice. In 1940, Fejes Tóth proved that the hexagonal lattice ...

An integral of the form intf(z)dz, (1) i.e., without upper and lower limits, also called an antiderivative. The first fundamental theorem of calculus allows definite ...

A mathematical procedure for finding the best-fitting curve to a given set of points by minimizing the sum of the squares of the offsets ("the residuals") of the points from ...