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A dual number is a number x+epsilony, where x,y in R and epsilon is a matrix with the property that epsilon^2=0 (such as epsilon=[0 1; 0 0]).

A number D that possesses no common divisor with a prime number p is either a quadratic residue or nonresidue of p, depending whether D^((p-1)/2) is congruent mod p to +/-1.

A number of the form 2^n-1 obtained by setting x=1 in a Fermat-Lucas polynomial, more commonly known as a Mersenne number.

The area of a rational right triangle cannot be a square number. This statement is equivalent to "a congruum cannot be a square number."

The rank of a graph G is defined as r(G)=n-c, where n is the number of vertices on G and c is the number of connected components (Biggs 1993, p. 25).

A figurate number which is equal to the cubic number n^3. The first few are 1, 8, 27, 64, ... (OEIS A000578).

A flexagon made by folding a strip into adjacent equilateral triangles. The number of states possible in a hexaflexagon is the Catalan number C_5=42.

The fifth of Peano's axioms, which states: If a set S of numbers contains zero and also the successor of every number in S, then every number is in S.

The number sign # sometimes used in mathematics to indicate the number of a quantity satisfying some condition, e.g., #{n:n>1}. The symbol is also used to denote a primorial.

A positive integer n is kth powerfree if there is no number d such that d^k|n (d^k divides n), i.e., there are no kth powers or higher in the prime factorization of n. A ...