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Let A be an n×n matrix with complex or real elements with eigenvalues lambda_1, ..., lambda_n. Then the spectral radius rho(A) of A is rho(A)=max_(1<=i<=n)|lambda_i|, i.e., ...

The spherical distance between two points P and Q on a sphere is the distance of the shortest path along the surface of the sphere (paths that cut through the interior of the ...

The only irreducible spherical simplexes generated by reflection are A_n (n>=1), B_n (n>=4), C_n (n>=2), D_2^p (p>=5), E_6, E_7, E_8, F_4, G_3, and G_4. The only irreducible ...

The Stiefel manifold of orthonormal k-frames in R^n is the collection of vectors (v_1, ..., v_k) where v_i is in R^n for all i, and the k-tuple (v_1, ..., v_k) is ...

A divergenceless field can be partitioned into a toroidal and a poloidal part. This separation is important in geo- and heliophysics, and in particular in dynamo theory and ...

Let H be a Hilbert space and (e_i)_(i in I) an orthonormal basis for H. The set of all products of two Hilbert-Schmidt operators is denoted N(H), and its elements are called ...

The 2-point Newton-Cotes formula int_(x_1)^(x_2)f(x)dx=1/2h(f_1+f_2)-1/(12)h^3f^('')(xi), where f_i=f(x_i), h is the separation between the points, and xi is a point ...

The triangle graph is the cycle graph C_3, which is isomorphic to the complete graph K_3 as well as to the complete tripartite graph K_(3×1)=K_(1,1,1) and the triangular ...

A truth table is a two-dimensional array with n+1 columns. The first n columns correspond to the possible values of n inputs, and the last column to the operation being ...

A unit matrix is an integer matrix consisting of all 1s. The m×n unit matrix is often denoted J_(mn), or J_n if m=n. Square unit matrices J_n have determinant 0 for n>=2. An ...