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A triangle is a 3-sided polygon sometimes (but not very commonly) called the trigon. Every triangle has three sides and three angles, some of which may be the same. The sides ...

For any ideal I in a Dedekind ring, there is an ideal I_i such that II_i=z, (1) where z is a principal ideal, (i.e., an ideal of rank 1). Moreover, for a Dedekind ring with a ...

A Pythagorean triple is a triple of positive integers a, b, and c such that a right triangle exists with legs a,b and hypotenuse c. By the Pythagorean theorem, this is ...

The number of representations of n by k squares, allowing zeros and distinguishing signs and order, is denoted r_k(n). The special case k=2 corresponding to two squares is ...

Just as many interesting integer sequences can be defined and their properties studied, it is often of interest to additionally determine which of their elements are prime. ...

An Abelian group is a group for which the elements commute (i.e., AB=BA for all elements A and B). Abelian groups therefore correspond to groups with symmetric multiplication ...

The Barnes G-function is an analytic continuation of the G-function defined in the construction of the Glaisher-Kinkelin constant G(n)=([Gamma(n)]^(n-1))/(H(n-1)) (1) for ...

The nth central binomial coefficient is defined as (2n; n) = ((2n)!)/((n!)^2) (1) = (2^n(2n-1)!!)/(n!), (2) where (n; k) is a binomial coefficient, n! is a factorial, and n!! ...

The Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind are a set of orthogonal polynomials defined as the solutions to the Chebyshev differential equation and denoted T_n(x). They are ...

The chromatic invariant theta(G) of a connected graph G is the number of spanning trees of G that have internal activity 1 and external activity 0. For graphs other than the ...