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The bias of an estimator theta^~ is defined as B(theta^~)=<theta^~>-theta. (1) It is therefore true that theta^~-theta = (theta^~-<theta^~>)+(<theta^~>-theta) (2) = ...

Let omega_1 and omega_2 be periods of a doubly periodic function, with tau=omega_2/omega_1 the half-period ratio a number with I[tau]!=0. Then Klein's absolute invariant ...

A formula for numerical integration, (1) where C_(2n) = sum_(i=0)^(n)f_(2i)cos(tx_(2i))-1/2[f_(2n)cos(tx_(2n))+f_0cos(tx_0)] (2) C_(2n-1) = ...

If k is the elliptic modulus of an elliptic integral or elliptic function, then k^'=sqrt(1-k^2) (1) is called the complementary modulus. Complete elliptic integrals with ...

The apodization function A(x)=1-(x^2)/(a^2). (1) Its full width at half maximum is sqrt(2)a. Its instrument function is I(k) = 2asqrt(2pi)(J_(3/2)(2pika))/((2pika)^(3/2)) (2) ...

The q-digamma function psi_q(z), also denoted psi_q^((0))(z), is defined as psi_q(z)=1/(Gamma_q(z))(partialGamma_q(z))/(partialz), (1) where Gamma_q(z) is the q-gamma ...

In spherical coordinates, the scale factors are h_r=1, h_theta=rsinphi, h_phi=r, and the separation functions are f_1(r)=r^2, f_2(theta)=1, f_3(phi)=sinphi, giving a Stäckel ...

A q-analog of the Chu-Vandermonde identity given by where _2phi_1(a,b;c;q,z) is the q-hypergeometric function. The identity can also be written as ...

The scale factors are h_u=h_v=sqrt(u^2+v^2), h_theta=uv and the separation functions are f_1(u)=u, f_2(v)=v, f_3(theta)=1, given a Stäckel determinant of S=u^2+v^2. The ...

In two-dimensional polar coordinates, the Helmholtz differential equation is 1/rpartial/(partialr)(r(partialF)/(partialr))+1/(r^2)(partial^2F)/(partialtheta^2)+k^2F=0. (1) ...