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Differential evolution is a stochastic parallel direct search evolution strategy optimization method that is fairly fast and reasonably robust. Differential evolution is ...

The Diffie-Hellman protocol is a method for two computer users to generate a shared private key with which they can then exchange information across an insecure channel. Let ...

An interior point method is a linear or nonlinear programming method (Forsgren et al. 2002) that achieves optimization by going through the middle of the solid defined by the ...

The Kubo-Martin-Schwinger (KMS) condition is a kind of boundary-value condition which naturally emerges in quantum statistical mechanics and related areas. Given a quantum ...

A collection of identities which hold on a Kähler manifold, also called the Hodge identities. Let omega be a Kähler form, d=partial+partial^_ be the exterior derivative, ...

The second solution Q_l(x) to the Legendre differential equation. The Legendre functions of the second kind satisfy the same recurrence relation as the Legendre polynomials. ...

The Schrödinger equation describes the motion of particles in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, and was first written down by Erwin Schrödinger. The time-dependent ...

Consider a first-order ODE in the slightly different form p(x,y)dx+q(x,y)dy=0. (1) Such an equation is said to be exact if (partialp)/(partialy)=(partialq)/(partialx). (2) ...

A Fermat pseudoprime to a base a, written psp(a), is a composite number n such that a^(n-1)=1 (mod n), i.e., it satisfies Fermat's little theorem. Sometimes the requirement ...

A regularly spaced array of points in a square array, i.e., points with coordinates (m,n,...), where m, n, ... are integers. Such an array is often called a grid or mesh, and ...