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There are two definitions of the Carmichael function. One is the reduced totient function (also called the least universal exponent function), defined as the smallest integer ...

A Pythagorean triple is a triple of positive integers a, b, and c such that a right triangle exists with legs a,b and hypotenuse c. By the Pythagorean theorem, this is ...

Abel's integral is the definite integral I = int_0^infty(tdt)/((e^(pit)-e^(-pit))(t^2+1)) (1) = 1/2int_(-infty)^infty(tdt)/((e^(pit)-e^(-pit))(t^2+1)) (2) = ...

The entire function B(z) = [(sin(piz))/pi]^2[2/z+sum_(n=0)^(infty)1/((z-n)^2)-sum_(n=1)^(infty)1/((z+n)^2)] (1) = 1-(2sin^2(piz))/(pi^2z^2)[z^2psi_1(z)-z-1], (2) where ...

The bifolium is a folium with b=0. The bifolium is a quartic curve and is given by the implicit equation is (x^2+y^2)^2=4axy^2 (1) and the polar equation ...

A centered triangular number is a centered polygonal number consisting of a central dot with three dots around it, and then additional dots in the gaps between adjacent dots. ...

The complex structure of a point x=x_1,x_2 in the plane is defined by the linear map J:R^2->R^2 J(x_1,x_2)=(-x_2,x_1), (1) and corresponds to a counterclockwise rotation by ...

Let a be the angle between v and x, b the angle between v and y, and c the angle between v and z. Then the direction cosines are equivalent to the (x,y,z) coordinates of a ...

A theorem proved by Doob (1942) which states that any random process which is both normal and Markov has the following forms for its correlation function C_y(tau), spectral ...

The exponential factorial is defined by the recurrence relation a_n=n^(a_(n-1)), (1) where a_0=1. The first few terms are therefore a_1 = 1 (2) a_2 = 2^1=2 (3) a_3 = ...