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A reciprocity theorem for the case n=3 solved by Gauss using "integers" of the form a+brho, when rho is a root of x^2+x+1=0 (i.e., rho equals -(-1)^(1/3) or (-1)^(2/3)) and ...

The cumulative count of property P for a sequence S_n={a_1,a_2,...,a_n} is a sequence of counts of the numbers of elements a_i with i<=k that satisfy P for k=1, 2, ..., n. ...

The involute of the cycloid x = a(t-sint) (1) y = a(1-cost) (2) is given by x_i = a(t+sint) (3) y_i = a(3+cost). (4) As can be seen in the above figure, the involute is ...

A shift-invariant operator Q for which Qx is a nonzero constant. 1. Qa=0 for every constant a. 2. If p(x) is a polynomial of degree n, Qp(x) is a polynomial of degree n-1. 3. ...

The radial curve of the deltoid x = 1/3a[2cost+cos(2t)] (1) y = 1/3a[2sint-sin(2t)] (2) with radiant point (x_0,y_0) is the trifolium x_r = x_0+4/3a[cost-cos(2t)] (3) y_r = ...

A piecewise regular function that 1. Has a finite number of finite discontinuities and 2. Has a finite number of extrema can be expanded in a Fourier series which converges ...

Dyads extend vectors to provide an alternative description to second tensor rank tensors. A dyad D(A,B) of a pair of vectors A and B is defined by D(A,B)=AB. The dot product ...

The eccentric angle of a point on an ellipse with semimajor axes of length a and semiminor axes of length b is the angle t in the parametrization x = acost (1) y = bsint, (2) ...

The Elsasser function is defined by the integral E(y,u)=int_(-1/2)^(1/2)exp[-(2piyusinh(2piy))/(cosh(2piy)-cos(2pix))]dx. (1) Special values include E(0,u) = 1 (2) E(y,0) = ...

The bias of an estimator theta^~ is defined as B(theta^~)=<theta^~>-theta. (1) It is therefore true that theta^~-theta = (theta^~-<theta^~>)+(<theta^~>-theta) (2) = ...