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Pogson's ratio is the constant 100^(1/5)=10^(2/5)=2.511886431... (OEIS A189824) appearing in the definition of the astronomical magnitude (brightness) scale. This scale is ...

Poincaré's lemma says that on a contractible manifold, all closed forms are exact. While d^2=0 implies that all exact forms are closed, it is not always true that all closed ...

Given a plane ax+by+cz+d=0 (1) and a point x_0=(x_0,y_0,z_0), the normal vector to the plane is given by v=[a; b; c], (2) and a vector from the plane to the point is given by ...

In finding the average area A^__R of a triangle chosen from a closed, bounded, convex region R of the plane, then A^__(T(R))=A^__R, for T any nonsingular affine ...

A Poulet number is a Fermat pseudoprime to base 2, denoted psp(2), i.e., a composite number n such that 2^(n-1)=1 (mod n). The first few Poulet numbers are 341, 561, 645, ...

A power floor prime sequence is a sequence of prime numbers {|_theta^n_|}_n, where |_x_| is the floor function and theta>1 is real number. It is unknown if, though extremely ...

A formula of first-order logic is in prenex normal form if it is of the form Q_1x_1...Q_nx_nM, (1) where each Q_i is a quantifier forall ("for all") or exists ("exists") and ...

There exist a variety of formulas for either producing the nth prime as a function of n or taking on only prime values. However, all such formulas require either extremely ...

Let a!=b, A, and B denote positive integers satisfying (a,b)=1 (A,B)=1, (i.e., both pairs are relatively prime), and suppose every prime p=B (mod A) with (p,2ab)=1 is ...

A principal ideal domain is an integral domain in which every proper ideal can be generated by a single element. The term "principal ideal domain" is often abbreviated P.I.D. ...