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Suppose that V={(x_1,x_2,x_3)} and W={(x_1,0,0)}. Then the quotient space V/W (read as "V mod W") is isomorphic to {(x_2,x_3)}=R^2. In general, when W is a subspace of a ...

A T_1-space is a topological space fulfilling the T1-separation axiom: For any two points x,y in X there exists two open sets U and V such that x in U and y not in U, and y ...

Every smooth manifold M has a tangent bundle TM, which consists of the tangent space TM_p at all points p in M. Since a tangent space TM_p is the set of all tangent vectors ...

Isomorphism is a very general concept that appears in several areas of mathematics. The word derives from the Greek iso, meaning "equal," and morphosis, meaning "to form" or ...

The singleton set {0}, with respect to the trivial group structure defined by the addition 0+0=0. The element 0 is the additive identity element of the group, and also the ...

A function that can be defined as a Dirichlet series, i.e., is computed as an infinite sum of powers, F(n)=sum_(k=1)^infty[f(k)]^n, where f(k) can be interpreted as the set ...

A complete bipartite graph, sometimes also called a complete bicolored graph (Erdős et al. 1965) or complete bigraph, is a bipartite graph (i.e., a set of graph vertices ...

A coordinate chart is a way of expressing the points of a small neighborhood, usually on a manifold M, as coordinates in Euclidean space. An example from geography is the ...

A family gamma of nonempty subsets of X whose union contains the given set X (and which contains no duplicated subsets) is called a cover (or covering) of X. For example, ...

Let A_1, A_2, A_3, and A_4 be four points on a circle, and H_1, H_2, H_3, H_4 the orthocenters of triangles DeltaA_2A_3A_4, etc. If, from the eight points, four with ...