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A lobster graph, lobster tree, or simply "lobster," is a tree having the property that the removal of leaf nodes leaves a caterpillar graph (Gallian 2007). The numbers of ...

A maximal independent edge set of a graph is an independent edge set that cannot be expanded to another independent edge set by addition of any edge in the graph. Note that a ...

In statistics, sampling is the selection and implementation of statistical observations in order to estimate properties of an underlying population. Sampling is a vital part ...

A weak snark is a cyclically 4-edge connected cubic graph with edge chromatic number 4 and girth at least 4 (Brinkmann et al. 2013). Weak snarks therefore represent a more ...

The term "arbelos" means shoemaker's knife in Greek, and this term is applied to the shaded area in the above figure which resembles the blade of a knife used by ancient ...

Elementary methods consist of arithmetic, geometry, and high school algebra. These are the only tools that may be used in the branch of number theory known as elementary ...

The Fermat number F_n is prime iff 3^(2^(2^n-1))=-1 (mod F_n).

Subtraction is the operation of taking the difference d=x-y of two numbers x and y. Here, x is called the minuend, y is called the subtrahend, and the symbol between the x ...

A repunit is a number consisting of copies of the single digit 1. The term "repunit" was coined by Beiler (1966), who also gave the first tabulation of known factors. In ...

A Brauer chain is an addition chain in which each member uses the previous member as an addend. A number n for which a shortest chain exists which is a Brauer chain is called ...