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Algebraic topology is the study of intrinsic qualitative aspects of spatial objects (e.g., surfaces, spheres, tori, circles, knots, links, configuration spaces, etc.) that ...

A second-order linear Hermitian operator is an operator L^~ that satisfies int_a^bv^_L^~udx=int_a^buL^~v^_dx. (1) where z^_ denotes a complex conjugate. As shown in ...

Homology is a concept that is used in many branches of algebra and topology. Historically, the term "homology" was first used in a topological sense by Poincaré. To him, it ...

Roughly speaking, a tangent vector is an infinitesimal displacement at a specific point on a manifold. The set of tangent vectors at a point P forms a vector space called the ...

Stratton (1935), Chu and Stratton (1941), and Rhodes (1970) define the spheroidal functions as those solutions of the differential equation (1) that remain finite at the ...

The universal cover of a connected topological space X is a simply connected space Y with a map f:Y->X that is a covering map. If X is simply connected, i.e., has a trivial ...

A perimeter-bisecting segment of a polygon originating from the midpoint of one side. Each cleaver M_1C_1, M_2C_2, and M_3C_3 in a triangle DeltaA_1A_2A_3 is parallel to an ...

The trilinear coordinates alpha:beta:gamma of a point P relative to a reference triangle are proportional to the directed distances a^':b^':c^' from P to the side lines of ...

A fractional ideal is a generalization of an ideal in a ring R. Instead, a fractional ideal is contained in the number field F, but has the property that there is an element ...

A number which can be represented both in the form x_0^2-Dy_0^2 and in the form Dx_1^2-y_1^2. This is only possible when the Pell equation x^2-Dy^2=-1 (1) is solvable. Then ...