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A square matrix U is a special unitary matrix if UU^*=I, (1) where I is the identity matrix and U^* is the conjugate transpose matrix, and the determinant is detU=1. (2) The ...

A species of structures is a rule F which 1. Produces, for each finite set U, a finite set F[U], 2. Produces, for each bijection sigma:U->V, a function F[sigma]:F[U]->F[V]. ...

The natural norm induced by the L2-norm. Let A^(H) be the conjugate transpose of the square matrix A, so that (a_(ij))^(H)=(a^__(ji)), then the spectral norm is defined as ...

Let A be an n×n matrix with complex or real elements with eigenvalues lambda_1, ..., lambda_n. Then the spectral radius rho(A) of A is rho(A)=max_(1<=i<=n)|lambda_i|, i.e., ...

The Spencer-Brown form is a simple mathematical concept that formalizes what a mathematical object is formally identical to what it is not (Spencer-Brown 1997, pp. ix and ...

Dissect a triangle into smaller triangles, such that all have full edge contact with their neighbors. Label the corners 1, 2, and 3. Label all vertices with 1, 2, or 3, with ...

A sphenic number is a positive integer n which is the product of exactly three distinct primes. The first few sphenic numbers are 30, 42, 66, 70, 78, 102, 105, 110, 114, ... ...

A spheric section is the curve formed by the intersection of a plane with a sphere. Excluding the degenerate cases of the plane tangent to the sphere or the plane not ...

The surface of revolution obtained by cutting a conical "wedge" with vertex at the center of a sphere out of the sphere. It is therefore a cone plus a spherical cap, and is a ...

X is a spherical t-design in E iff it is possible to exactly determine the average value on E of any polynomial f of degree at most t by sampling f at the points of X. In ...