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A monoid that is commutative i.e., a monoid M such that for every two elements a and b in M, ab=ba. This means that commutative monoids are commutative, associative, and have ...

An n-step Fibonacci sequence {F_k^((n))}_(k=1)^infty is defined by letting F_k^((n))=0 for k<=0, F_1^((n))=F_2^((n))=1, and other terms according to the linear recurrence ...

The Bolyai expansion of a real number x is a nested root of the form x=a_0-1+RadicalBox[{{a, _, 1}, +, RadicalBox[{{a, _, 2}, +, RadicalBox[{{a, _, 3}, +, ...}, m]}, m]}, m], ...

A set function is a function whose domain is a collection of sets. In many instances in real analysis, a set function is a function which associates an affinely extended real ...

The (upper) vertex independence number of a graph, often called simply "the" independence number, is the cardinality of the largest independent vertex set, i.e., the size of ...

A pair of positive integers (a_1,a_2) such that the equations a_1+a_2x=sigma(a_1)=sigma(a_2)(x+1) (1) have a positive integer solution x, where sigma(n) is the divisor ...

Let s_b(n) be the sum of the base-b digits of n, and epsilon(n)=(-1)^(s_2(n)) the Thue-Morse sequence, then product_(n=0)^infty((2n+1)/(2n+2))^(epsilon(n))=1/2sqrt(2).

If algebraic integers alpha_1, ..., alpha_n are linearly independent over Q, then e^(alpha_1), ..., e^(alpha_n) are algebraically independent over Q. The ...

A Meeussen sequence is an increasing sequence of positive integers (m_1, m_2, ...) such that m_1=1, every nonnegative integer is the sum of a subset of the {m_i}, and each ...

A tournament sequence is an increasing sequence of positive integers (t_1, t_2, ...) such that t_1=1 and t_(i+1)<=2t_i. Cook and Kleber (2000) show that Meeussen sequences ...