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A continuous homomorphism of a group into the nonzero complex numbers. A multiplicative character omega gives a group representation on the one-dimensional space C of complex ...

A quantity which is either 0 (zero) or negative, i.e., <=0.

Polypons are polyforms obtained from dividing a regular triangular grid into 30-30-120 triangles, illustrated above. The numbers of polypons with n=1, 2, ... components are ...

A quantity x>0, which may be written with an explicit plus sign for emphasis, +x.

Each prime factor p_i^(alpha_i) in an integer's prime factorization is called a primary.

The set of prime numbers, sometimes denoted P (Derbyshire 2004, p. 163), and implemented in the Wolfram Language as Primes. In the Wolfram Language, a quantity can be tested ...

For N=k·2^n+1 with k odd and 2^n>k, if there exists an integer a such that a^((N-1)/2)=-1 (mod N), then N is prime. A prime of this form is known as a Proth prime.

The doublestruck capital letter Q, Q, denotes the field of rationals. It derives from the German word Quotient, which can be translated as "ratio." The symbol Q first ...

A statistical distribution in which the variates occur with probabilities asymptotically matching their "true" underlying statistical distribution is said to be random.

A pair of consecutive primes whose digits are rearrangements of each other, first considered by A. Edwards in Aug. 2001. The first few are (1913, 1931), (18379, 18397), ...