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A linear congruence equation ax=b (mod m) (1) is solvable iff the congruence b=0 (mod d) (2) with d=GCD(a,m) is the greatest common divisor is solvable. Let one solution to ...

Machin's formula is given by 1/4pi=4cot^(-1)5-cot^(-1)239. There are a whole class of Machin-like formulas with various numbers of terms (although only four such formulas ...

The orthographic projection is a projection from infinity that preserves neither area nor angle. It is given by x = cosphisin(lambda-lambda_0) (1) y = ...

The outer Napoleon circle, a term coined here for the first time, is the circumcircle of the outer Napoleon triangle. It has center at the triangle centroid G (and is thus ...

The representation, beloved of engineers and physicists, of a complex number in terms of a complex exponential x+iy=|z|e^(iphi), (1) where i (called j by engineers) is the ...

The probability Q_delta that a random sample from an infinite normally distributed universe will have a mean m within a distance |delta| of the mean mu of the universe is ...

The so-called rule of three is an educational tool utilized historically to verbalize the process of solving basic linear equations with four terms where three of the terms ...

A function f in C^infty(R^n) is called a Schwartz function if it goes to zero as |x|->infty faster than any inverse power of x, as do all its derivatives. That is, a function ...

A p-adic integer is a p-adic number of the form sum_(k=m)^(infty)a_kp^k, where m>=0, a_k are integers, and p is prime. It is sufficient to take a_k in the set {0,1,...,p-1}. ...

The Laplace transform is an integral transform perhaps second only to the Fourier transform in its utility in solving physical problems. The Laplace transform is particularly ...