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The contravariant four-vector arising in special and general relativity, x^mu=[x^0; x^1; x^2; x^3]=[ct; x; y; z], (1) where c is the speed of light and t is time. ...

A loose term for a true statement which may be a postulate, theorem, etc.

A proposition is a mathematical statement such as "3 is greater than 4," "an infinite set exists," or "7 is prime." An axiom is a proposition that is assumed to be true. With ...

A relation is any subset of a Cartesian product. For instance, a subset of A×B, called a "binary relation from A to B," is a collection of ordered pairs (a,b) with first ...

A circular cylinder the centers of whose sections form a line perpendicular to the bases. When used without qualification, the term "cylinder" often refers to a right ...

A ringoid is a set R with two binary operators, conventionally denoted addition (+) and multiplication (×), where × distributes over + left and right: a(b+c)=ab+ac and ...

The operation of taking an nth root of a number.

A semiring is a set together with two binary operators S(+,*) satisfying the following conditions: 1. Additive associativity: For all a,b,c in S, (a+b)+c=a+(b+c), 2. Additive ...

For a set S, the span is defined by maxS-minS, where max is the maximum and min is the minimum.

The transformation T(x) = frac(1/x) (1) = 1/x-|_1/x_|, (2) where frac(x) is the fractional part of x and |_x_| is the floor function, that takes a continued fraction ...