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Let a module M in an integral domain D_1 for R(sqrt(D)) be expressed using a two-element basis as M=[xi_1,xi_2], where xi_1 and xi_2 are in D_1. Then the different of the ...

A number which is simultaneously a nonagonal number N_m and a square number S_n and therefore satisfies the Diophantine equation 1/2m(7m-5)=n^2. (1) Completing the square and ...

A polygonal diagonal is a line segment connecting two nonadjacent polygon vertices of a polygon. The number of ways a fixed convex n-gon can be divided into triangles by ...

A sample is a subset of a population that is obtained through some process, possibly random selection or selection based on a certain set of criteria, for the purposes of ...

There are many formulas of pi of many types. Among others, these include series, products, geometric constructions, limits, special values, and pi iterations. pi is ...

The Fibonacci numbers are the sequence of numbers {F_n}_(n=1)^infty defined by the linear recurrence equation F_n=F_(n-1)+F_(n-2) (1) with F_1=F_2=1. As a result of the ...

A special case of the quadratic Diophantine equation having the form x^2-Dy^2=1, (1) where D>0 is a nonsquare natural number (Dickson 2005). The equation x^2-Dy^2=+/-4 (2) ...

Catalan (1876, 1891) noted that the sequence of Mersenne numbers 2^2-1=3, 2^3-1=7, and 2^7-1=127, and (OEIS A007013) were all prime (Dickson 2005, p. 22). Therefore, the ...

The word "class" has many specialized meanings in mathematics in which it refers to a group of objects with some common property (e.g., characteristic class or conjugacy ...

An Archimedean spiral with polar equation r=a/theta. (1) The hyperbolic spiral, also called the inverse spiral (Whittaker 1944, p. 83), originated with Pierre Varignon in ...