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An area-preserving affine transformation. Equiaffinities include the crossed hyperbolic rotation, elliptic rotation, hyperbolic rotation, and parabolic rotation.

An equilibrium point in game theory is a set of strategies {x^^_1,...,x^^_n} such that the ith payoff function K_i(x) is larger or equal for any other ith strategy, i.e., ...

A point, such as interior points of a disk, such that (px)(py)=[const], where p is the chord length.

A transformation which has only trivial invariant subsets is said to be ergodic.

The difference between a quantity and its estimated or measured quantity.

The function f(beta,z)|->z^((1+cosbeta+isinbeta)/2), illustrated above for beta=0.4.

The two-dimensional Euclidean space denoted R^2.

An orthogonal projection of a cross onto a three-dimensional subspace. It is said to be normalized if the cross vectors are all of unit length.

The exists quantifier exists .

For c<1, x^c<1+c(x-1). For c>1, x^c>1+c(x-1).