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The Lebombo bone is the oldest known mathematical artifact. It dates from 35000 BC and consists of 29 distinct notches that were deliberately cut into a baboon's fibula. It ...

A lens space L(p,q) is the 3-manifold obtained by gluing the boundaries of two solid tori together such that the meridian of the first goes to a (p,q)-curve on the second, ...

Pick a point O in the interior of a quadrilateral which is not a parallelogram. Join this point to each of the four vertices, then the locus of points O for which the sum of ...

A likelihood function L(a) is the probability or probability density for the occurrence of a sample configuration x_1, ..., x_n given that the probability density f(x;a) with ...

The least number of crossings that occur in any projection of a link. In general, it is difficult to find the crossing number of a given link. Knots and links are generally ...

A function f(x) satisfies the Lipschitz condition of order beta at x=0 if |f(h)-f(0)|<=B|h|^beta for all |h|<epsilon, where B and beta are independent of h, beta>0, and alpha ...

A statement letter or a negation of a statement letter (Mendelson 1997, p. 30).

A roll of 4 on a pair of six-sided dice in the game of craps (Gardner 1978, p. 256). The probability of rolling "a little Joe" is 1/12, or 8.333...%. A roll of "4 the hard ...

The logarithmic derivative of a function f is defined as the derivative of the logarithm of a function. For example, the digamma function is defined as the logarithmic ...

h_t+(|h|^nh_(xxx))_x=0, where h(x,t) is the height of a film at position x and time t and n is a parameter characteristic of the surface forces.