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Given a Poisson process, the probability of obtaining exactly n successes in N trials is given by the limit of a binomial distribution P_p(n|N)=(N!)/(n!(N-n)!)p^n(1-p)^(N-n). ...

A bubble is a minimal-energy surface of the type that is formed by soap film. The simplest bubble is a single sphere, illustrated above (courtesy of J. M. Sullivan). More ...

Gauge theory studies principal bundle connections, called gauge fields, on a principal bundle. These connections correspond to fields, in physics, such as an electromagnetic ...

The Kubo-Martin-Schwinger (KMS) condition is a kind of boundary-value condition which naturally emerges in quantum statistical mechanics and related areas. Given a quantum ...

The diagonal slash "/" used as the bar between numerator and denominator of an in-line fraction (Bringhurst 1997, p. 284). The solidus is also called a diagonal. Special care ...

A surface (or "space") of section, also called a Poincaré section (Rasband 1990, pp. 7 and 93-94), is a way of presenting a trajectory in n-dimensional phase space in an ...

An intrinsic property of a mathematical object which causes it to remain invariant under certain classes of transformations (such as rotation, reflection, inversion, or more ...

The Thomson problem is to determine the stable equilibrium positions of n classical electrons constrained to move on the surface of a sphere and repelling each other by an ...

The Euler-Mascheroni constant gamma, sometimes also called 'Euler's constant' or 'the Euler constant' (but not to be confused with the constant e=2.718281...) is defined as ...

A portion of a disk whose upper boundary is a (circular) arc and whose lower boundary is a chord making a central angle theta<pi radians (180 degrees), illustrated above as ...