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Consider the process of taking a number, multiplying its digits, then multiplying the digits of numbers derived from it, etc., until the remaining number has only one digit. ...

Napier's bones, also called Napier's rods, are numbered rods which can be used to perform multiplication of any number by a number 2-9. By placing "bones" corresponding to ...

If isosceles triangles with apex angles 2kpi/n are erected on the sides of an arbitrary n-gon A_0, and if this process is repeated with the n-gon A_1 formed by the free ...

A polygonal number is a type of figurate number that is a generalization of triangular, square, etc., to an n-gon for n an arbitrary positive integer. The above diagrams ...

Many algorithms have been devised for determining the prime factors of a given number (a process called prime factorization). They vary quite a bit in sophistication and ...

Quantization is a nonlinear process which generates additional frequency components (Thompson et al. 1986). This means that the signal is no longer band-limited, so the ...

To define a recurring digital invariant of order k, compute the sum of the kth powers of the digits of a number n. If this number n^' is equal to the original number n, then ...

The consideration of the result of a numerical calculation as a function of an adjustable parameter (usually the step size). The function can then be fitted and evaluated at ...

A sample is a subset of a population that is obtained through some process, possibly random selection or selection based on a certain set of criteria, for the purposes of ...

An orientable surface with one boundary component such that the boundary component of the surface is a given knot K. In 1934, Seifert proved that such a surface can be ...