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A notation used to describe curves. The fundamental principle of Clebsch-Aronhold notation states that if each of a number of forms be replaced by a power of a linear form in ...

Conjugation is the process of taking a complex conjugate of a complex number, complex matrix, etc., or of performing a conjugation move on a knot. Conjugation also has a ...

Contour integration is the process of calculating the values of a contour integral around a given contour in the complex plane. As a result of a truly amazing property of ...

Consider the process of taking a number, taking its digit sum, then adding the digits of numbers derived from it, etc., until the remaining number has only one digit. The ...

The divergence of a vector field F, denoted div(F) or del ·F (the notation used in this work), is defined by a limit of the surface integral del ·F=lim_(V->0)(∮_SF·da)/V (1) ...

Given a planar graph G, a geometric dual graph and combinatorial dual graph can be defined. Whitney showed that these are equivalent (Harary 1994), so that one may speak of ...

A genetic algorithm is a class of adaptive stochastic optimization algorithms involving search and optimization. Genetic algorithms were first used by Holland (1975). The ...

If the sampling of an interferogram is modulated at a definite frequency instead of being uniformly sampled, spurious spectral features called "ghosts" are produced (Brault ...

The objective of global optimization is to find the globally best solution of (possibly nonlinear) models, in the (possible or known) presence of multiple local optima. ...

In celestial mechanics, the fixed path a planet traces as it moves around the sun is called an orbit. When a group G acts on a set X (this process is called a group action), ...