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A simple way to describe a knot projection. The advantage of this notation is that it enables a knot diagram to be drawn quickly. For an oriented alternating knot with n ...

The matrix decomposition of a square matrix A into so-called eigenvalues and eigenvectors is an extremely important one. This decomposition generally goes under the name ...

Milnor (1956) found more than one smooth structure on the seven-dimensional hypersphere. Generalizations have subsequently been found in other dimensions. Using surgery ...

A set X whose elements can be numbered through from 1 to n, for some positive integer n. The number n is called the cardinal number of the set, and is often denoted |X| or ...

A fiveleaper graph is a graph formed by all possible moves of a hypothetical chess piece called a "fiveleaper" which moves analogously to a knight except that it is ...

The squared norm of a four-vector a=(a_0,a_1,a_2,a_3)=a_0+a is given by the dot product a^2=a_mua^mu=(a^0)^2-a·a, (1) where a·a is the usual vector dot product in Euclidean ...

A free idempotent monoid is a monoid that satisfies the identity x^2=x and is generated by a set of elements. If the generating set of such a monoid is finite, then so is the ...

The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every positive integer (except the number 1) can be represented in exactly one way apart from rearrangement as a product of ...

The following are equivalent definitions for a Galois extension field (also simply known as a Galois extension) K of F. 1. K is the splitting field for a collection of ...

The generalized Gell-Mann matrices are the n^2-1 matrices generating the Lie algebra associated to the special unitary group SU(n), n>=2. As their name suggests, these ...