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A root of a polynomial P(z) is a number z_i such that P(z_i)=0. The fundamental theorem of algebra states that a polynomial P(z) of degree n has n roots, some of which may be ...

The totient function phi(n), also called Euler's totient function, is defined as the number of positive integers <=n that are relatively prime to (i.e., do not contain any ...

A polynomial given by Phi_n(x)=product_(k=1)^n^'(x-zeta_k), (1) where zeta_k are the roots of unity in C given by zeta_k=e^(2piik/n) (2) and k runs over integers relatively ...

The Fibonacci cube graph of order n is a graph on F_(n+2) vertices, where F_n is a Fibonacci number, labeled by the Zeckendorf representations of the numbers 0 to F_(n+2)-1 ...

For N=k·2^n+1 with k odd and 2^n>k, if there exists an integer a such that a^((N-1)/2)=-1 (mod N), then N is prime. A prime of this form is known as a Proth prime.

Let the residue from Pépin's theorem be R_n=3^((F_n-1)/2) (mod F_n), where F_n is a Fermat number. Selfridge and Hurwitz use R_n (mod 2^(35)-1,2^(36),2^(36)-1). A ...

A Pythagorean triple is a triple of positive integers a, b, and c such that a right triangle exists with legs a,b and hypotenuse c. By the Pythagorean theorem, this is ...

The W-polynomials obtained by setting p(x)=3x and q(x)=-2 in the Lucas polynomial sequence. The first few Fermat polynomials are F_1(x) = 1 (1) F_2(x) = 3x (2) F_3(x) = ...

The ordinal number of a value in a list arranged in a specified order (usually decreasing).

Perfect numbers are positive integers n such that n=s(n), (1) where s(n) is the restricted divisor function (i.e., the sum of proper divisors of n), or equivalently ...