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Informally, self-similar objects with parameters N and s are described by a power law such as N=s^d, where d=(lnN)/(lns) is the "dimension" of the scaling law, known as the ...

An orthogonal transformation is a linear transformation T:V->V which preserves a symmetric inner product. In particular, an orthogonal transformation (technically, an ...

A two-component complex column vector. Spinors can describe both bosons and fermions, while tensors can describe only bosons.

Spinor fields describing particles of zero rest mass satisfy the so-called zero rest mass equations. Examples of zero rest mass particles include the neutrino (a fermion) and ...

The angular twist theta of a shaft with given cross section is given by theta=(TL)/(KG) (1) (Roark 1954, p. 174), where T is the twisting moment (commonly measured in units ...

Ai(z) and Ai^'(z) have zeros on the negative real axis only. Bi(z) and Bi^'(z) have zeros on the negative real axis and in the sector pi/3<|argz|<pi/2. The nth (real) roots ...

Birthday attacks are a class of brute-force techniques used in an attempt to solve a class of cryptographic hash function problems. These methods take advantage of functions ...

The involute of the circle was first studied by Huygens when he was considering clocks without pendula for use on ships at sea. He used the circle involute in his first ...

A spiral that gives the solution to the central orbit problem under a radial force law r^..=-mu|r|^(-3)r^^, (1) where mu is a positive constant. There are three solution ...

There are two different definitions of "polar vector." In elementary math, the term "polar vector" is used to refer to a representation of a vector as a vector magnitude ...