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A Bill picture is a sequence of nested regular polygons in which subsequent polygons are each rotated so that they begin one vertex further. The term was coined by Trott ...

In the American system, one billion equals 10^9=1000000000. In the French and German systems, one billion equals 10^(12). In recent years, the "American" system has become ...

Let s(x,y,z) and t(x,y,z) be differentiable scalar functions defined at all points on a surface S. In computer graphics, the functions s and t often represent texture ...

A method for finding solutions u and v to a linear congruence au+bv=d by constructing a matrix formed by adjoining a vector containing a and b with a unit matrix, M=[a 1 0; b ...

The qubit |psi>=a|0>+b|1> can be represented as a point (theta,phi) on a unit sphere called the Bloch sphere. Define the angles theta and phi by letting a=cos(theta/2) and ...

A block diagonal matrix, also called a diagonal block matrix, is a square diagonal matrix in which the diagonal elements are square matrices of any size (possibly even 1×1), ...

The set of all zero-systems of a group G is denoted B(G) and is called the block monoid of G since it forms a commutative monoid under the operation of zero-system addition ...

The term Bol loop refers to either of two classes of algebraic loops satisfying the so-called Bol identities. In particular, a left Bol loop is an algebraic loop L which, for ...

Let the values of a function f(x) be tabulated at points x_i equally spaced by h=x_(i+1)-x_i, so f_1=f(x_1), f_2=f(x_2), ..., f_5=f(x_5). Then Boole's rule approximating the ...

A magic square that remains magic when its border is removed. A nested magic square remains magic after the border is successively removed one ring at a time. An example of a ...