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The word "normal form" is used in a variety of different ways in mathematics. In general, it refers to a way of representing objects so that, although each may have many ...

An idealized computing machine consisting of a fixed set of data registers and set of instructions for operating on them. Register machines are also known as counter machines ...

The resolution principle, due to Robinson (1965), is a method of theorem proving that proceeds by constructing refutation proofs, i.e., proofs by contradiction. This method ...

Set theory is the mathematical theory of sets. Set theory is closely associated with the branch of mathematics known as logic. There are a number of different versions of set ...

A formula of first-order logic is said to be in Skolemized form (sometimes also called Skolem standard form or universal form) if it is of the form forall x_1... forall x_nM, ...

A strange loop is a phenomenon in which, whenever movement is made upwards or downwards through the levels of some hierarchical system, the system unexpectedly arrives back ...

Sudoku (literally, "single number"), sometimes also is a pencil-and-paper logic puzzle whose goal is to complete a grid satisfying various constraints. In the "classic" ...

In logic, a term is a variable, constant, or the result of acting on variables and constants by function symbols. In algebra, a term is a product of the form x^n (in the ...

Whitehead and Russell (1927) devised a hierarchy of "types" in order to eliminate self-referential statements from Principia Mathematica, which purported to derive all of ...

A schematic diagram used in logic theory to depict collections of sets and represent their relationships. The Venn diagrams on two and three sets are illustrated above. The ...