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Exponentiation is the process of taking a quantity b (the base) to the power of another quantity e (the exponent). This operation most commonly denoted b^e. In TeX, the ...

|_n]={n for n!=0; 1 for n=0. (1)

The Diffie-Hellman protocol is a method for two computer users to generate a shared private key with which they can then exchange information across an insecure channel. Let ...

N. Nielsen (1909) and Ramanujan (Berndt 1985) considered the integrals a_k=int_1^2((lnx)^k)/(x-1)dx. (1) They found the values for k=1 and 2. The general constants for k>3 ...

Let p_n be the nth prime, then the primorial (which is the analog of the usual factorial for prime numbers) is defined by p_n#=product_(k=1)^np_k. (1) The values of p_n# for ...

The binomial distribution gives the discrete probability distribution P_p(n|N) of obtaining exactly n successes out of N Bernoulli trials (where the result of each Bernoulli ...

Let n be a positive number having primitive roots. If g is a primitive root of n, then the numbers 1, g, g^2, ..., g^(phi(n)-1) form a reduced residue system modulo n, where ...

Stirling's approximation gives an approximate value for the factorial function n! or the gamma function Gamma(n) for n>>1. The approximation can most simply be derived for n ...

Given a homogeneous linear second-order ordinary differential equation, y^('')+P(x)y^'+Q(x)y=0, (1) call the two linearly independent solutions y_1(x) and y_2(x). Then ...

The combining of two or more quantities using the plus operator. The individual numbers being combined are called addends, and the total is called the sum. The first of ...